Looks like Google added a new data type to the structured data options for search, this one is named Science Datasets. Google said this schema is for the “scientific domains: life sciences, earth sciences, material sciences, and more.” This can also include civic and government data, Google said.

Aaron Bradley first spotted this and posted it on Google+. There is a broad data set that qualifies for this markup:

A table or a CSV file with some data
A file in a proprietary format that contains data
A collection of files that together constitute some meaningful dataset
A structured object with data in some other format that you might want to load into a special tool for processing
Images capturing the data
Anything that looks like a dataset to you

Google made a point to say this is an early pilot:

You can learn more about it over here and make sure to join the discussion.

Forum discussion at Google+.